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Hormones of the adrenal gland1/13/2024 These findings provide a new perspective on the diagnosis, therapeutic possibilities and prognosis of adrenocortical disorders. Comprehensive genomic analyses of adrenocortical tumors have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as methylation alterations and the involvement of miRNAs. Hypoplasia, hyperplasia and adrenocortical tumors, including adult and pediatric adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas, are described together with findings regarding molecular and pathway alterations. Findings regarding the development, maintenance and growth of the adrenal cortex and the molecular factors involved has improved the scientific understanding of disorders that affect adrenal cortex growth. Equally significant is the knowledge obtained regarding the action of peptide factors involved in the maintenance of zonation of the adrenal cortex, such as peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin processing, adrenocorticotropin and N-terminal proopiomelanocortin. Significant progress has been made in understanding the signaling and molecules involved during adrenal cortex zonation. During embryological development and transition to the adult adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex acquires three different structural and functional zones. The adrenal gland consists of two distinct regions: the cortex and the medulla. This review summarizes key knowledge regarding the development, growth, and growth disorders of the adrenal cortex from a molecular perspective.
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